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Natural Farming: Key Concepts & Benefits for UPSC Preparation

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Introduction Natural Farming has emerged as a transformative approach to sustainable agriculture, offering a chemical-free, eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods.  The Union Cabinet’s recent launch of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) underscores the government’s commitment to promoting natural farming practices across the country.  This initiative, under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, […]

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Evolution of the Indian Constitution | UPSC Notes

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Introduction  The Indian Constitution serves as the cornerstone of India’s legal framework and political governance.  As the supreme law of the land, it reflects the nation’s ever-evolving socio-political, cultural, and economic landscape.  Over the decades, the Constitution has undergone several amendments to address the dynamic needs of society while ensuring the protection of its core

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Supreme Court Judgment on the 42nd Amendment | UPSC

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Introduction In a significant legal ruling, the Supreme Court of India dismissed petitions that challenged the inclusion of the terms ‘Socialist,’ ‘Secular,’ and ‘Integrity’ in the Preamble of the Constitution, as amended by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.  Petitioners argued that these terms were inserted undemocratically during the Emergency period and that their inclusion

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75 Years of the Indian Constitution | UPSC

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Introduction  November 26, 1949, marks a defining moment in Indian history as the Constituent Assembly finalized the Indian Constitution. 75 years later, this monumental document continues to stand as the cornerstone of the world’s largest democracy.  The longevity of India’s Constitution, far exceeding the global average lifespan of 17 years, is a testament to its

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Conference of the Parties (COP 29) | UPSC

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Introduction  The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP 29), held in Baku, Azerbaijan, was widely anticipated as a pivotal moment in climate finance discussions.  Dubbed the “Finance COP,” the event aimed to set a new trajectory for climate finance through the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG).  While COP 29 made notable strides

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India-China LAC Agreement: Key Insights for UPSC Preparation

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Introduction The recent agreement between India and China on patrolling and disengagement along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) represents a significant step in addressing the tensions that arose following the 2020 border standoff.  While this progress signals a return to diplomacy, unresolved “legacy disputes” in areas like Demchok and Depsang continue to cast a

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Immunization in India – Key Insights for UPSC Preparation

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Introduction Immunization has been a cornerstone of India’s public health strategy, playing a crucial role in eliminating deadly diseases like smallpox and polio.  It continues to safeguard millions of lives and strengthen the country’s healthcare system. Despite these remarkable achievements, challenges such as uneven coverage and vaccine hesitancy remain significant hurdles.  What is Immunization? Immunization

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Undertrial Prisoners in India | Overview for UPSC Aspirants

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Introduction Undertrial prisoners make up a significant portion of India’s prison population, highlighting deep-rooted challenges in the country’s judicial and administrative systems.  Union Home Minister Amit Shah’s recent appeal to expedite the release of undertrial prisoners who have served over one-third of their maximum prescribed sentence underscores the urgency of reform.  With over 75% of

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High-Performance Buildings | UPSC

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Introduction The rapid pace of urbanization and the intensifying effects of climate change have spotlighted the need for High-Performance Buildings (HPBs).  These structures are designed not only to conserve resources but also to enhance energy efficiency, ensure occupant comfort, and adapt to climate risks. HPBs represent a paradigm shift in sustainable construction by integrating cutting-edge

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Tackling Delhi’s Air Pollution | Insights for UPSC Prep

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Introduction Delhi’s air pollution crisis has once again captured attention as the Air Quality Index (AQI) in several areas, including Alipur, Anand Vihar, Bawana, Narela, Pusa, and Sonia Vihar, has hit the hazardous 500 mark.  This choking smog has forced the implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in the Delhi-NCR region, highlighting the

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