The structure of Sangam society was shaped by a complex division of land, occupation, and social roles. 

• People lived in various geographical regions, each contributing to their unique lifestyles and practices.

Fivefold Division of Lands During Sangam Society

• Sangam society recognized five main divisions of land, each associated with specific occupations and gods:
  • Kurinji (God Murugan): Hilly tracks, home to tribes and those involved in mountain-related activities.
  • Mullai ( GodVishnu): Pastoral regions, where cattle rearing and animal husbandry were the primary occupations.
  • Marudam (God Indira): Agricultural lands, where farming was the dominant occupation.
  • Neydal (God Varunan): Coastal areas, known for fishing and trade.
  • Palai (God Korravai): Desert lands, home to warriors and those engaged in military occupations.
• These divisions were not rigidly defined and were scattered across the region, often overlapping with each other. Each division had its unique socio-economic characteristics and its own gods to worship.

Social Hierarchy in Sangam Society

• Although the concept of varna (social classification) existed during the Sangam period, it did not carry the same rigid ranking system as seen in northern India. Notably:
  • Brahmans: They performed Vedic ceremonies and sacrifices and advised the chiefs. However, they did not enjoy special privileges over other groups.
  • Occupational Groups: People were often identified by their professions, such as artisans, salt merchants, and textile traders. This reflected the diverse economic roles people played in society.
  • There was evident social inequality, with the rich residing in decorated brick houses and wearing expensive clothes, while the poor lived in humble mud huts with minimal clothing.
• Caste and Tribal Groups: According to the Tolkappiyam, four main castes were recognized:

• • Arasar: The ruling class, who governed the kingdoms.
  • Anthanar: Priests and scholars, playing key roles in both governance and religious practices.
  • Vanigar: Traders and merchants who contributed to the economic prosperity through commerce.
  • Vellalar: Agriculturists, primarily engaged in farming.
  • Apart from these castes, other tribal communities such as Parathavar, Panar, Eyinar, Kadambar, Maravar, and Pulaiyar were part of the Sangam society. Primitive tribes like the Thodas, Irulas, Nagas, and Vedars also coexisted during this period.

Status of Women in Sangam Society

• Women Poets: Several prominent women poets, such as Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar, made significant contributions to Tamil literature, which suggests that women had access to education during the period.
• Economic Activities: Women were actively involved in various economic activities, such as paddy plantation, cattle rearing, spinning, and basket-making. They were essential contributors to the economy, managing agricultural and household responsibilities.
• Love Marriages: Love marriages were common in the Sangam society, where women were allowed to choose their life partners, reflecting a more liberal view of relationships.
• Virtue and Chastity: The concept of Karpu (chaste life) was highly valued among women, and it was considered the highest virtue.
• Sati Practice: The practice of Sati, known as Tippayadal, was prevalent but not mandatory. Widows who chose not to commit Sati lived difficult lives, often prohibited from decorating themselves or engaging in any festive activities.
• Women Dancers: Women dancers, who were often patronized by kings and nobles, played an essential role in cultural life. They were trained in dance forms and were celebrated for their artistic talents.

Fine Arts in Sangam Society

• Panar and Viraliyar: These were singing bards employed by the royal courts. They were skilled in folk songs and dances, performing at royal gatherings and public events.
• Folk Dances: Koothu, a popular form of dance, was widely enjoyed by the people.
• Yazhs and Drums: Various musical instruments, including Yazhs (a type of harp) and drums, were used in performances. These instruments were integral to the entertainment and religious rituals of the time.

Religion in Sangam Society

• Worship of Gods:
  • Brahmanical Influence: The Brahmanas, who performed Vedic rituals, popularized the worship of major gods such as Indra, Visnu, and Siva in the Tamil region.
  • Murugan: The worship of Murugan, the Tamil god, was widespread. He was revered especially in the hilly regions and was later identified with Kartikeya in northern India. His worship had ancient roots and was associated with six sacred abodes known as Arupadai Veedu.
  • Other Deities: Other gods worshipped during this period included Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indra), Varunan, and Korravai.
• Heroes and Memorial Worship:

• • War Heroes: Heroes who died in battle were venerated and sometimes worshipped as gods. Memorial stones called Nadukal or Virukkal were erected in honor of these brave individuals, reflecting the societal reverence for courage and valor.