The social structure during the Gupta period is well-documented through the writings of Fa-Hien and the Smritis. 

• These sources highlight the peaceful and harmonious nature of society during this era. 

Caste System and Professions During Gupta Period

• Professions during the Gupta period were largely determined by caste, though the rigidity of the system was not as strict as in later periods.
• Sub-castes were more numerous among the Vaishyas and Shudras compared to the higher castes.
• Shudras had opportunities to engage in trade and agriculture, professions traditionally associated with the Vaishyas.
• The Dharmasastras introduced the concept of apadharma, which referred to the conduct followed during times of distress. This allowed individuals from different varnas to take up professions outside their assigned roles if necessary.
• The emergence of various jatis or social groups is believed to have resulted from varna-samkara, or intermarriages between different varnas.
• The practice of untouchability began to take root during this period, with Fa-Hien noting that the ‘Chandalas’ were socially segregated.

Family System During Gupta Period

• The joint family system was a cornerstone of Hindu society during the Gupta period, with the family being governed by its male head.
• Patriarchy was prevalent, and male members held dominance in both family and societal matters.
• Men during the Gupta period were fond of wearing ornaments, reflecting the period’s aesthetic sensibilities and social norms.

Position of Women During Gupta Period

• Women were ideally revered as symbols of power and knowledge, represented by deities such as Shakti, Saraswati, and Kali. However, their societal status had declined significantly during this period.
• Women had access to education, but they were prohibited from reciting Vedic mantras.
• The position of women in higher varnas was particularly low, with Brahmanical texts outlining strict norms for their behavior.
• Women’s primary roles were confined to being ideal wives and mothers within the family structure.
• The practice of purdah began to emerge among the higher castes.
• Swayamvara, a traditional practice where women chose their husbands, had largely fallen out of favor.
• Early marriage for girls was widespread, as prescribed by the Manusmriti.
• While widow remarriage was occasionally permitted, it was not a common practice.
• The system of sati was rare during this period, though it began to gain some recognition later.
• Polygamy was prevalent, and a married woman often lived alongside multiple wives of her husband.
• Women were generally denied property rights, except for stridhana, which typically included jewelry and personal belongings.