Volcanic eruptions can release large quantities of ash and gas into the atmosphere, leading to short-term climate cooling due to the reflection of sunlight.
The ashfall from volcanic eruptions can disrupt air travel and damage infrastructure, posing significant challenges for affected communities.
Eruptions can create fertile soils by depositing nutrient-rich volcanic material, which can benefit agriculture in the long term.
Volcanic activity can trigger tsunamis and landslides, posing additional risks to coastal and mountainous regions.
The release of sulfur dioxide during eruptions can lead to acid rain, which can harm aquatic ecosystems, forests, and man-made structures.